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Adlet

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The Adlet (or Erqigdlet) are a race of creatures in the Inuit mythology of Greenland, as well as the Labrador and Hudson Bay coasts. While the word refers to inland native American tribes, it also denotes a humanoid dog-legged tribe.[1] The lower part of the body of the canine Adlet is like that of a dog and their upper part is like a man's. All Adlet run quickly, and their encounters with men usually end with man as the victor.[2]

In Inuit lore, they are often portrayed as in conflict with humans, and are supposed to be taller than Inuit and white people.[3] In some stories they are cannibals.[4] Inuit from Labrador use the term Adlet, tribes west of the Hudson Bay use the word Erqigdlit.[1] The monstrous race begotten by the Adlet was identified with inland Native Americans by the Labrador and Hudson Bay tribes; Inuit from Greenland and Baffin Land, which had no native American neighbors, use the term to refer to the half human, half canine creatures.[5]

An etymology of the word is proposed by H. Newell Wardle: adlet might come from ad, "below," and thus denote "those below." Alternatively, he argues, it might come from the stem agdlak, "striped, streaked," thus "the striped ones," in reference to American Indians who lived to the west and painted their faces. "Erqigdlet" might be a derogatory term denoting the same people.[6] Atlat means "others," denoting American Indians from the Inuit perspective,[7] though Newell Wardle considers this possibility secondary and deriving from phonetic similarity.[8]

Origin

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Franz Boas, an ethnologist who recorded many Inuit stories, gives an account of the origin of the Adlet; he had heard the story in Baffin Land, specifically in Cumberland Sound from an Inuit named Pakaq. His transcription, a translation by H. Rink, and an explanation (by Boas) were published in The Journal of American Folklore in 1889.[9] The Inuit of Greenland, according to Rink, tell the same story as those in Baffin Land.[10] The story is often referred to as "The Girl and the Dogs" on the west coast of Greenland; on the east coast of Greenland it is known as "The Origin of the Qavdlunait and Irqigdlit" (that is, Scandinavians or Nordic people and Indians).[7]

A woman, Niviarsiang ("the girl"), lives with her father, Savirqong, but will not marry, and hence is also called Uinigumissuitung ("she who wouldn't take a husband"). After rejecting all her suitors, she marries a dog, Ijirqang, with white and red spots. Of their ten children, five are dogs and the others are Adlet, with dog's bodies for their lower half and man's bodies for their upper half. Since Ijirqang does not go hunting and the children are very hungry, it falls to Savirqong to provide for the noisy household. At last he puts them into a boat and carries them off to a small island, telling Ijirqang to come and get meat daily. Niviarsiang hangs a pair of boots around his neck and he swims ashore, but Savirqong, instead of giving him meat, puts stones in the boots and Ijirqang drowns. In revenge, Niviarsiang sends the young dogs over to gnaw off her father's feet and hands. He, in return kicks her overboard when she happens to be in his boat, and when she hangs on the gunwale he cuts off her fingers, which, when they fall in the ocean, turn into whales and seals.[11]

Since Niviarsiang is scared her father might kill the Adlet, she sends them inland, and from them a numerous people springs. The young dogs she sends across the ocean in a makeshift boat, and arriving beyond the sea they became the Scandinavian ancestors.[12]

Anthropological interpretation

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One interpretation of the phenomenon of the Adlet (and the theme of the "Dog Husband") sees the difference between the dog-like children and the other, the Adlet, as crucial. The dogs are sent overseas and will return as white Scandinavians to bring things favorable to the Inuit, whereas the Adlet, "swift runners of an aggressive disposition," become a kind of inland spirit, to be kept at bay. Thus, the "Dog Husband" myth carries the value of a cargo cult: "by offering their [sexual] favors to the dog-like Whites aka Nords, the Inuit daughters serve as mediators in obtaining their desirable goods."[13] A reading of the account as a "Whaler myth," in a culture in which the Inuit were economically dependent on the mechanically superior products supplied by the Scandinavian whalers, the story transforms material dependence on the white whaler into a reciprocal relationship, whereby the Scandinavian Nord comes back to repay his mother.[14]

Franz Boas and Hinrich Rink offer two options for the occurrence of a legend explaining the origin of whites aka Nordic people. Either the tradition dates back to when the Inuit first made contact with Scandinavians (which they consider highly unlikely), or, more likely, it is the adaptation of an already existing tradition, modified to account for the coming of the Scandinavians aka Nords.[15] Signe Rink proposes a similar explanation in a hypothetical historical narrative that also takes linguistic evidence into account.[16]

The "Dog Husband" theme is paralleled in other tribal mythologies. The Dakelh (formerly known as the "Carrier tribe"), the indigenous people of the inland of British Columbia, tell a number of similar stories. In one of those stories, a woman suspects she is being violated nightly, and throws a little bag of vermilion paint on the violator; the next day, she identifies him as a big dog, and later gives birth to four dogs.[17] Father Morice, writing about this and other stories he had been told by the Carrier people, posits that there might be "a sort of national tradition among the hyperborean races of America, since even the Eskimo have a story which is evidently the equivalent of it," proceeding to summarize the account as given by Franz Boas in "The Central Eskimo" (1888).[18] Similar stories (both about the Adlet and the woman who marries a dog) are told on the Siberian side of the Bering Strait, among the Chukchi.[19]

Adlet stories

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A number of stories containing Adlet were written down by ethnographers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

"The Tornit and the Adlit"

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Many tales were told by the "Smith Sound Eskimo," an Inuit from Smith Sound who was in New York City in the winter of 1897–1898, and published by A.L. Kroeber for the Journal of American Folklore. Two Tornits (another fabulous race from Inuit lore) find themselves among savage and cannibalistic Adlet. They sneak out at night and as they are leaving they cut the thongs on the Adlet's sledges that fasten the crossbars to the runners. The dogs start barking, but as the Adlet mount their sledges the runners fall off and the Tornit get away.[20] The same Smith Sound Eskimo also told a variant of the Adlet story related by Boas in "The Central Eskimo." In this version, the Tornit are the woman's offspring as well,[21] but Kroeber remarks that they are "ordinarily not connected with this tale."[22] Other stories told by the Smith Sound Eskimo, such as "The Origin of the Narwhal," also contain murderous Adlet.[23]

Aselu

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In Inuit folklore from Point Barrow, Alaska, there exists a tale of a dog named Aselu who plays a central role in an unusual origin story.[24] Aselu is bound to a stick but manages to free himself by gnawing through it. After gaining his freedom, he enters a dwelling where he has intercourse with a woman. This union results in offspring who are both human and canine in nature, underscoring themes of interconnection between humans and animals in Inuit belief. This story, while not explicitly involving the Adlet, shares a similar theme of hybrid beings, with humans and dogs sharing bloodlines, hinting at an ancestral bond that may also extend to the Adlet's mythical origins.

The Origin of the Narwhal"

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Another tale featuring the Adlet is "The Origin of the Narwhal," also told by the same Smith Sound Inuit. This story, while primarily concerned with explaining the existence of the narwhal, includes a reference to the Adlet as merciless hunters or murderers. The presence of the Adlet in stories that revolve around creation or origin myths reflects the danger and struggle inherent in Inuit life, where survival is constantly threatened by the unknown and the untamable forces of nature.[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b Boas, "The Central Eskimo" 640.
  2. ^ Boas, "The Folklore of the Eskimo" 512.
  3. ^ Boas, "The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay" 524.
  4. ^ Green 72.
  5. ^ Hodge 14.
  6. ^ Newell Wardle 577-78.
  7. ^ a b Rink, "The Girl and the Dogs" 181.
  8. ^ Newell Wardle 578 note 1.
  9. ^ Boas and Rink, "Eskimo Tales and Songs."
  10. ^ Rink, "Tales and traditions of the Eskimo" 471; Boas and Rink, "Eskimo Tales and Songs" 123.
  11. ^ Boas, "The Central Eskimo" 637. This aspect of the Adlet myth is similar to an element in the mythology of Sedna, the Inuit goddess of marine animals. See Newell Wardle, "The Sedna Cycle: A Study in Myth Evolution."
  12. ^ Boas, "The Central Eskimo" 637.
  13. ^ Sonne 20.
  14. ^ Sonne 26.
  15. ^ Boas and Rink 126-27.
  16. ^ Rink, "The Girl and the Dogs" 184-86.
  17. ^ Morice 28-29.
  18. ^ Morice 35.
  19. ^ Bogoras 671.
  20. ^ Kroeber 167-68.
  21. ^ Kroeber 168-69.
  22. ^ Kroeber 169 note 3.
  23. ^ Kroeber 170-71.
  24. ^ Murdoch 594-95.
  25. ^ Kroeber, A. L.; Boas, Franz; Peary, Robert E. (1900). The Eskimo of Smith Sound.

Literature cited

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