Autonomism
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Autonomism or autonomismo, also known as autonomist Marxism, is an anti-capitalist social movement and Marxist-based theoretical current that first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (operaismo).[1][2] Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant,[3] after influence from the Situationists, the failure of Italian far-left movements in the 1970s, and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri,[4] who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio, as well as Mario Tronti, Paolo Virno, and Franco Berardi.[5]
George Katsiaficas summarizes the forms of autonomous movements by saying that "[i]n contrast to the centralized decisions and hierarchical authority structures of modern institutions, autonomous social movements involve people directly in decisions affecting their everyday lives, seeking to expand democracy and help individuals break free of political structures and behavior patterns imposed from the outside."[6] This has involved a call for the independence of social movements from political parties,[7] in an anti-authoritarian revolutionary perspective that seeks to create a practical political alternative to authoritarian socialism, state socialism, and contemporary representative democracy.[8]
Autonomism influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen/Autonomen, the worldwide social centre movement and remains influential in Italy, France, and to a lesser extent the English-speaking countries. In the 21st century, those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from Marxists to anarchists.[9]
Theory
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Early theorists like Mario Tronti, Antonio Negri, Sergio Bologna, and Paolo Virno developed notions of "immaterial" and "social labour" that extended the Marxist concept of labour to all society. They suggested that modern society's wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work, and that only a little of this was redistributed to the workers in the form of wages. Other Italian autonomists—particularly Marxist feminists, such as Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Silvia Federici—emphasised the importance of feminism and the value of unpaid female labour to capitalist society.[10][11] Michael Ryan, a scholar of the movement, writes:
Autonomy, as a movement and as a theory, opposes the notion that capitalism is an irrational system which can be made rational through planning. Instead, it assumes the workers' viewpoint, privileging their activity as the lever of revolutionary passage as that which alone can construct a communist society. Economics is seen as being entirely political; economic relations are direct political relations of force between class subjects. And it is in the economic category of the social worker, not in an alienated political form like the party, that the initiative for political change resides.[4]
In Empire, Negri and Michael Hardt argue that network power constructs are the most effective methods of organization against the neoliberal regime of capital accumulation and predict a massive shift in the dynamics of capital into a 21st century empire.[12]
Thinkers
[edit]- Franco Berardi
- George Caffentzis
- Harry Cleaver[13]
- Silvia Federici
- Michael Hardt
- John Holloway
- Maurizio Lazzarato
- Antonio Negri
- Gáspár Miklós Tamás
- Mario Tronti
- Paolo Virno
- Nick Dyer-Witheford
By country
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West Germany
[edit]In West Germany, Autonome was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left.[14]
Italy
[edit]Within the context of the movement of 1977, riots took place in Bologna on 11 March 1977 following the killing of student Francesco Lorusso by police. Beginning in 1979, the state effectively prosecuted the autonomist movement, accusing it of protecting the Red Brigades, which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro. 12,000 far-left activists were detained; 600 fled the country, including 300 to France and 200 to South America.[15]
Influence
[edit]The autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements provided inspiration to some on the revolutionary left in English-speaking countries, particularly among anarchists, many of whom have adopted autonomist tactics.[16] The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics, including Harry Cleaver, John Holloway, Steve Wright,[17] and Nick Dyer-Witheford.[18] In Denmark and Sweden, the word is used as a catch-all phrase for anarchists and the extra-parliamentary left in general, as was seen in the media coverage of the eviction of the squatting of Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen in March 2007.[19][20] Other Marxists have criticised autonomist Marxism or post-operaismo of having a theoretically weak understanding of value in capitalist economies.[21] It has also been criticised by other Marxists for being anti-humanist and anti-Hegelian.[22]
Movements and organizations
[edit]- Abahlali baseMjondolo, Shack dweller's movement in South Africa
- Blitz (Norway)
- Disobbedienti (ex Tute Bianche)
- Homeless Workers' Movement MTST
- Kämpa tillsammans!, a communist group in Malmö and Gothenburg
- London Autonomists
- Plan C, a British anti-authoritarian communist group inspired by autonomism
- Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation
- Ungdomshuset, Danish autonomist squat
- Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Publications
[edit]- Aufheben
- Collegamenti-Wobbly
- Multitudes magazine
- ROAR Magazine
See also
[edit]- 21st-century communist theorists
- Affective labor
- Autonome Nationalisten
- Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
- Communization
- Direct democracy
- FEJUVE
- Horizontalidad
- Kommune 1
- Leaderless resistance
- Libertarian Marxism
- Open Marxism
- Popular assembly
- Revolutionary spontaneity
- Self-managed social center
- Self-managed social centres in Italy
- Sui iuris
- Syndicalism
- Temporary Autonomous Zone
References
[edit]- ^ Cuninghame, Patrick (December 2010). "Autonomism as a global social movement". WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society. 13 (4): 451–464. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00305.x. ISSN 1089-7011.
- ^ Katsiaficas 2006.
- ^ Gray, Neil; Clare, Nick (October 2022). "From autonomous to autonomist geographies". Progress in Human Geography. 46 (5): 1185–1206. doi:10.1177/03091325221114347. ISSN 0309-1325.
- ^ a b Negri, Antonio (1991). "Translators' Introductions Part II". Marx beyond Marx: Lessons on the Grundrisse. Translated by Ryan, Michael. New York: Autonomedia. pp. xxx.
- ^ El Kholti, Hedi; Lotringer, Sylvère; Marazzi, Christian (2007). Autonomia: post-political politics (PDF) (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Semiotext(e). ISBN 978-1-58435-053-8. OCLC 159669900.
- ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 7.
- ^ Katsiaficas 2006, p. 8.
- ^ "Autonomism: cutting the ground from under Marxism". Libcom.org. 3 September 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "Silvia Frederici biography". Interactivist. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ Wright, Steve (2002). Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism. London: University of Michigan Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-7453-1607-7. OCLC 654106755.
- ^ Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press.
- ^ Cleaver, Harry (2 June 2000). Reading Capital Politically. AK Press. ISBN 978-1902593296.
- ^ Geronimo (2012). Fire and Flames: A History of the German Autonomist Movement. PM Press. ISBN 9781604860979.
- ^ "L'Autonomie Italienne" [Italian Autonomism] (in French). Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
- ^ Price, Wayne. "Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Wright, Steve (2002). Storming Heaven: Class composition and struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism. London: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-7453-1607-7. OCLC 654106755.
- ^ Dyer-Witheford, Nick. "Autonomist Marxism and the Information Society". Treason pamphlet. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ CrimethInc Ex-Workers Collective (March 2019). "CrimethInc.: The Battle for Ungdomshuset: The Defense of a Squatted Social Center and the Strategy of Autonomy". CrimethInc. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Illeborg, Jakob (5 March 2007). "Anarchy in the DK". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Critiquing Capitalism Today: New Ways to Read Marx". Frederick Harry Pitts. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- ^ "Going in the Wrong Direction – John Holloway" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-10.
Bibliography
[edit]- Katsiaficas, Georgy (2006). The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life. AK Press. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
Further reading
[edit]- (in French) L’Autonomie. Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie, éditions Spartacus 1978.
- (in French) Autonomes, Jan Bucquoy and Jacques Santi, ANSALDI 1985.
- (in French) Action Directe. Du terrorisme français à l'euroterrorisme, Alain Hamon and Jean-Charles Marchand, SEUIL 1986.
- (in French) Paroles Directes. Légitimité, révolte et révolution : autour d'Action Directe, Loïc Debray, Jean-Pierre Duteuil, Philippe Godard, Henri Lefebvre, Catherine Régulier, Anne Sveva, Jacques Wajnsztejn, ACRATIE 1990.
- (in French) Un Traître chez les totos, Guy Dardel, ACTES SUD 1999 (novel).
- (in French) Bac + 2 + crime : l'affaire Florence Rey, Frédéric Couderc, CASTELLS 1998.
- (in French) Italie 77. Le « Mouvement », les intellectuels, Fabrizio Calvi, Seuil 1977.
- (in Italian) L'operaismo degli anni Sessanta. Da 'Quaderni rossi' a 'classe operaia', Giuseppe Trotta e Fabio Milana edd., Deriveapprod I 2008.
- (in Italian) Una sparatoria tranquilla. Per una storia orale del '77, Ordadek 1997.
- (in German) Die Autonomen, Thomas Schultze et Almut Gross, Konkret Literatur 1997.
- (in German) Autonome in Bewegung, AG Grauwacke aus den ersten 23 Jahren, Association A 2003.
- (in English) Galimberti, Jacopo (6 September 2022). Images of Class. Operaismo, Autonomia and the Visual Arts (1962-1988). Verso Books . ISBN 978-1-8397-6531-5.
- (in English) Negativity and Revolution: Adorno and Political Activism London: Pluto Press, 2009 John Holloway ed. with Fernando Matamoros & Sergio Tischler ISBN 978-0-7453-2836-2.
- (in English) Os Cangaceiros A Crime Called Freedom: The Writings of Os Cangaceiros (Volume One) Eberhardt Press 2006.
- (in Greek) Νοέμβρης 73. Αυτοί οι αγώνες συνεχίζονται, δεν εξαγοράζονται, δεν δικαιώθηκαν, ed. Αυτόνομη Πρωτοβουλία Πολιτών. Athens 1983.
- (in Greek) Αναμνήσεις, Άγης Στίνας, υψιλον, Αθήνα 1985.
- (in Greek) Το επαναστατικό πρόβλημα σήμερα, Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης, υψιλον, Αθήνα 2000.
- (In English) The city is ours: Squatting and autonomous movements from the 1970s to the present. Ed. Bart van der Steen, Ask Katzeff, Leendert van Hoogenhuijze. PM press, 2014. ISBN 978-1604866834.
