Jump to content

Syrian Air Force

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Syrian Arab Air Force
  • القوات الجوية العربية السورية‎
  • al-Quwwāt al-Jawwīyah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah
Badge of the Syrian Arab Air Force
Founded1948; 76 years ago (1948)[a]
DisbandedDecember 8, 2024; 7 days ago (2024-12-08)
Allegiance Ba'athist Syria Until 8, December 2024
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size15,000 (as of 2021)[1] troops
Part of Syrian Armed Forces Surrendered
HeadquartersDamascus
Nickname(s)Nosour Qasioun (Arabic: نُسُور قَاسِيُون, lit. 'Qasioun eagles')
MarchWe are the Eagles (Arabic: نَحْنُ النُّسُورُ, romanized: Naḥn-un-Nusūr)
Anniversaries16 October and December 10 2024 ( destruction )
Equipment
  • Approx 450 aircraft in 2011 (before Syrian civil war)
  • Approx 459 aircraft in 2024[2]
Engagements
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefMarshal Bashar al-Assad
Minister of DefenceLieutenant General Ali Mahmoud Abbas
Commander of the Air ForceMajor General Tawfiq Khaddour[3]
Chief of Air StaffMajor General Adel Jadallah Qaysar[3]
Notable
commanders
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Flag
Aircraft flown
AttackSu-22, Su-24
FighterMiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-29
HelicopterMil Mi-14, Mil Mi-17, Mil Mi-8, Mil Mi-2, Kamov Ka-28, Kamov Ka-226
Attack helicopterMil Mi-24, Gazelle
ReconnaissanceMiG-25
TrainerL-39, PA-31, MFI-17
TransportIl-76, An-24, An-26

The Syrian Arab Air Force (SyAAF or SAAF; Arabic: الْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ السُّورِيَّةُ, romanized: al-Quwwāt al-Jawwīyah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) was the air force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It was established in 1948. Land-based air defense systems are grouped under the Syrian Arab Air Defence Force, which split from both the Air Force and the Army. The air force was destroyed by the Israel Defence Forces in December of 2024, following the collapse of the Assad regime.

History

[edit]
See also: Military history of Syria

1940s

[edit]
AT-6 Harvard of the Syrian Air Force.

The end of World War II led to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom and France from the Middle East, and this included a withdrawal from Syria. In 1948, the Syrian Air Force was officially established after the first class of pilots graduated from a French-run flight school at Estabel airfield in Lebanon, using aircraft left behind by the French. Further training of early Syrian military fliers was continued with help of a sizeable group of Croat and German instructors, contracted by the Lebanese and Syrian governments from refugee camps in Italy.[4] Among the foreign instructors were Mato Dukovac (a leading Croatian Air Force fighter ace of World War II) and Fritz Strehle (former Me.262 pilot with Jagdgeschwader 7 of the Luftwaffe), who trained Syrian pilots at Estabel in 1948 and at Nayrab airfield (south of Aleppo) in 1949.[5][6]

Organized into three squadrons, one of which was equipped with North American T-6 Harvards, the air force participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, conducting bombing raids against Israeli forces and settlements. One T-6 was lost to ground fire while attacking Ayelet Hashahar on 16 July, and another possibly shot down by Morris Mann (flying an Avia S-199) on 10 June. The Syrian Air Force claimed its sole kill of the war on 10 July when a rear gunner of a Harvard shot down an Avia S-199 flown by Lionel Bloch.

Aircraft in 1948

[edit]

Planes of the Syrian Air Force in 1948.[7]

Type aircraft Role Total number Operational aircraft Squadron number
North American T-6 Texan Attack 17 12 1 & 2
Avro Anson Light bomber 2 2 3
Douglas C-47 Dakota Transport 3 3 3
Percival Proctor Communication 4 4 3
Fairchild 24 Advanced trainer 5 5 3
Piper J-3 Cub Basic trainer 6 6 3
de Havilland Tiger Moth Basic trainer 6 6 Unknown
Total 43 38

1950s

[edit]
Fiat G.55 of the Syrian Air Force (around 1950).

During and immediately after this war, successive governments sought to bolster the air force through the acquisition of Fiat G.55s, Fiat G.59B-2s, and Fiat G.46-1s from Italy. In January 1950, a set of contracts was signed with London, providing for training of Syrian officers and pilots, along with the acquisition of de Havilland Chipmunk basic trainers, Supermarine Spitfire Mk 22s, and Gloster Meteor F.Mk 8 and T.Mk 7 jets from Great Britain. While the Chipmunks and Spitfires arrived without problems and entered service with the Flight School at Nayrab, the delivery of Meteors was held up by a temporary British arms embargo.

The original batch of Meteors manufactured for Syria was sold to France instead. It was only following additional negotiations that SyAF received its first jet aircraft, in the form of two Meteor F.Mk 8s. All 12 were in Syria by 9 March 1953. Another batch of seven refurbished ex-RAF F.Mk 8s and two FR.Mk 9 reconnaissance fighters followed in 1956. In summer 1954, six ex-RAF Meteor NF.Mk 13 were delivered without their radar equipment: in Syria, they were used for training purposes until 1958. Because the government of Great Britain imposed additional arms embargoes, most of pilots for Meteors had to be trained in Egypt.[8]

Wrecked Syrian Supermarine Spitfire Mk 22 (1950s)
Hafez al-Assad (above) standing on the wing of a Fiat G.46-4B with fellow cadets at the Syrian AF Academy outside Aleppo, in mid-1950s. Hafez al-Assad underwent conversion training for jet fighters at the Air Force Academy at Bilbeis, in Egypt, in 1955. One of his instructors was Hosni Mubarak, later the commander of the Egyptian Air Force, and then the President of Egypt.

In 1955, Syria placed its first order for 24 MiG-15bis fighters and 4 MiG-15UTI two-seat conversion trainers from Czechoslovakia ('Operation 104'). Another batch of 24 MiG-15s was ordered in early 1956. All these aircraft were delivered to Egypt, by October 1956, but their pilots and ground crews were still undergoing training when Israel, followed by France and Great Britain, invaded Egypt in the course of the Suez Crisis of 1956. Three MiG-15UTIs were evacuated to Syria via Saudi Arabia and Jordan; 20 MiG-15bis and 1 MiG-15UTI were destroyed in British attacks on Abu Suweir Air Base. The second batch of 20 MiG-15bis' was not yet assembled: the aircraft in question were all damaged by British air strikes, but subsequently repaired and donated to Egypt. On 6 November 1956, Meteors from No. 9 Squadron Syrian Air Force had shot down a Royal Air Force Canberra PR.7 that was involved in reconnaissance of Syria and Iraq. The aircraft crashed on the border to Lebanon: one crewmember was killed, while two were captured alive.[9]

Sixty MiG-17s - including 20 radar-equipped MiG-17PFs - were ordered at the end of 1956 and Syrian pilots were dispatched to the USSR and Poland for training. The first aircraft arrived in January 1957 and by the end of the year, two MiG-17 squadrons were defending the capital from their base at Damasucus' Mezzeh Military Airport. By the end of the year, additional orders were placed in the USSR for 12 Ilyushin Il-28 bombers.[10]

In February 1958 Syria and Egypt joined to create the United Arab Republic. The Syrian Air Force was integrated into the United Arab Republic Air Force (UARAF) and ceased to exist. Nearly all of its aircraft and personnel, all of training aids and most of the equipment were re-deployed to Egypt, and replaced by two squadrons of MiG-17Fs of the UARAF. For example, recently delivered MiG-17PFs and their pilots formed the No. 31 'Crow-Bat' Squadron of the UARAF. During the times of the United Arab Republic, this unit was always commanded by a Syrian officer.

1960s

[edit]
One of two MiG-17s of the Syrian Air Force that landed by error at Betzet airstrip, Israel on 12 August 1968.

The union ended following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. The new military flying service - officially designated the Syrian Arab Air Force (SyAAF) - was re-established later the same year, using aircraft left behind by the Egyptians, including about 40 MiG-17Fs and 4 Il-28s.[6]

The new government of the Syrian Arab Republic attempted to buy additional aircraft in Germany and Italy, in 1961 and 1962. When all related efforts failed, Syria was left without a choice but to turn to Czechoslovakia for arms. By the time, Czechoslovakia was out of the business of producing fighters and interceptors, and thus the Syrians had to buy from Soviet Union instead. On 19 June 1962, Damascus and Moscow signed a major contract for arms, including an order for 34 MiG-21F-13 interceptors and 4 MiG-21U conversion trainers.[11]

Delivered starting in spring 1963, MiG-21s entered service with two squadrons of the 3rd Air Brigade, based at Dmeyr Air Base, 40 km (25 miles) northeast of Damascus. MiG-17s were meanwhile operated by two squadrons of the 7th Air Brigade, based at Almezzeh Air Base, in Damascus.[11]

With the ascent to power of the Baath Party, during the 1963 Syrian coup d'état, Hafez Al-Assad (former Meteor- and MiG-17PF-pilot), was appointed the Commander of SyAAF. Preoccupied with his involvement in domestic politics, Assad left the effective command of the SyAAF to his Deputy, Brigadier-General Mohammad Assad Moukiiad (former Meteor-pilot trained in Great Britain).[12]

During the Six-Day War, the SyAAF flew few air strikes on targets in northern Israel on the first day of the conflict but was subsequently evacuated to air bases in remote parts of Syria. In this fashion it evaded most of Israeli air strikes that caused massive damage to Egyptian and Jordanian air bases. This, in turn, helped the IDF in defeating the Syrian Army on the ground and led to the occupation of the Golan Heights. After this conflict, Syria continued acquiring small numbers of MiG-17s from East Germany and MiG-21s from the Soviet Union.[13]

1970s

[edit]
One of the SA341 Gazelle helicopters captured by Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War.

In May 1973, a new arms deal was signed with the Soviet Union, resulting in deliveries of over 100 additional MiG-21M/MFs by the end of the year. The Yom Kippur War provided initial success for both Syria and Egypt, but the SyAAF suffered extensive losses in air combats, prompting the Soviets to launch an air-bridge to Aleppo and Damascus, starting on 9 October 1973. Replacement aircraft initially included only MiG-17s and MiG-21s: in April 1974, Syria received the first two batches of MiG-23 fighter-bombers. Acquisition of additional aircraft from the USSR was stopped in 1975 due to differences of political nature between Damascus and Moscow.[14]

An example of the MiG-23MSs that Syria received in 1974.

In the late 1970s, an insurgency characterised by dozens of assassinations of government officials and military officers erupted in Syria. By 1978, the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria joined the armed uprising.[15] Concerned by destabilisation of the government of President Hafez al-Assad, Moscow decided to restart providing arms and military aid. In April of the same year, a new arms deal was signed, including deliveries of advanced MiG-23MF and MiG-25 interceptors, and additional MiG-23BN and Su-22 fighter-bombers, and deployment of up to 4000 of Soviet advisors. However, the insurgency continued to spread and included attacks on Soviet advisors.

1980s

[edit]

In 1981, the commander of the SyAAF, Major-General Mamdouh Hamdi Abaza, was assassinated by the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. In early 1982, hundreds of SyAAF officers became involved in a coup attempt against President Hafez al-Assad, originally planned to take place in coordination with an armed uprising in the city of Hama. The government bloodily crushed the uprising in Hama, and subsequently purged the SyAAF.[16]

The Syrian Arab Air Force thus entered the 1982 Lebanon War in significantly weakened condition and suffered massive losses in a series of aerial combats between 6 and 11 June 1982. Israel claimed the destruction of 85 Syrian MiGs (including MiG-21s as well as MiG-23s).[17] No evidence was ever provided for Soviet and Russian claims that the SyAAF had shot down up to 60 Israeli aircraft in return. Nevertheless, unofficial Russian, and a few unofficial Syrian sources continue to claim a modicum of success against Israeli aircraft in this conflict. At low altitude the Syrian Air Force effectively used Aerospatiale Gazelle helicopters in the anti-armour role against advancing Israeli ground forces. In one such engagement, an Israeli tank column was stopped for some hours by SAF Gazelle missile strikes while approaching Ein Zehalta.[18]

Immediately after the 1982 Lebanon War, the USSR continued to refuse deliveries of more advanced aircraft. It was only in August 1982, that Moscow changed its mind and granted permission for delivery of MiG-23ML interceptors, followed by advanced Su-22M-4 fighter-bombers. In an attempt to help Syria establish a strategic balance with Israel, in 1986 the Syrians were granted permission to place orders for 24 MiG-29s and 24 Su-24s. Deliveries of these commenced in 1987, but were still incomplete by the time the Soviet Union officially ceased providing military aid to Syria, in 1989.

1990s/2000s

[edit]

Short on spares and lacking funding for fuel and maintenance, the SyAAF was largely grounded for most of the 1990s and 2000s. Reports regarding purchases of Su-27s in 2000–2001, MiG-29SMTs, MiG-31s, and Yak-130s from the period 2006–2008, have all proven to be unfounded.[19] The only reinforcement the air force acquired during this period came in form of 28 MiG-23MLDs and 5 MiG-23UBs acquired from Belarus in 2008. In 2008, Syria has agreed to purchase 36 aircraft,[20] but delivery of these has been postponed by Russia due to the conflict in Syria.[21] In May 2014 Russia announced that it would supply Syria with Yakovlev Yak-130s. Syria was expected to receive nine aircraft by the end of 2014, 12 in 2015 and 15 in 2016, for a total of 36 airplanes.[22][23] However, as of 2022, no deliveries had taken place.

2010s

[edit]

In July 2012 at the Farnborough Air Show it was announced that Russia would not deliver any new aircraft including the MiG-29M/M2s and Yak-130s while there was still a crisis in Syria, but it would still respect any previous refurbishment and maintenance contracts such as the MiG-25s.[24]

2024

[edit]

Following the Syrian Civil War and Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham bringing Bashar Al-Assad's regime to an end, the Israeli Air Force executed strikes destroying the entire air force on 8-10 December 2024.[25][26]

Operations during the Syrian civil war

[edit]
See also: List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War and Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush

During the initial phase of the Syrian civil war, up to mid-2012, the Syrian Air Force was involved in secondary roles, with no firing from aircraft and helicopters.[27]

The situation changed on 22 March 2012, with an escalation in the use of airpower by Government forces,[28] starting with armed Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopter gunships firing rockets and machine guns.[29] The air war escalated further in mid June 2012, with the use of Mi-24/25 attack helicopters capable of dropping standard aviation bombs weighing up to 250 kg,[30][31] while the transport helicopters started dropping barrel bombs, aerial IEDs.[32]

On 24 July 2012, attack sorties by fixed-wing aircraft were reported by the rebels and recorded on video: initially L-39 COIN armed trainers began using rockets, bombs and guns[28][33] but they were quickly joined by MiG-21s and MiG-23s.[34][35] A few weeks later Su-22 ground attack aircraft were used and in November 2012, Su-24 medium bombers were filmed bombing rebels.[36] In December 2012, conventionally armed Scud missiles and other similar ballistic missiles were fired against rebel positions.[37]

Following a report on the appearance of newly delivered S-8 air-to-ground rocket pods previously not operated by the Syrian Air Force, being employed on different aircraft,[citation needed] on 22 October 2013, a S-8 armed MiG-29 was spotted and recorded on video while flying over Damascus, suggesting that the type was pushed into action for ground attack, possibly after the pilots attended specific training on the type.[38] Subsequently, MiG-29's were recorded performing rocket and gun attack runs on rebel positions.[39][40]

The first reported activity of Syrian MiG-25 aircraft in the civil war was recorded on 8 February 2014, when two Turkish Air Force F-16s were scrambled to intercept a Syrian MiG-25 which was approaching the Turkish border.[41] On 27 March 2014, a MiG-25 was clearly filmed while flying at medium altitude over Hama Eastern countryside, possibly delivering the bomb seen hitting the ground in the same video.[citation needed] Until February 2014, Syrian MiG-25s were not seen, perhaps due to the type of war, different from the role of the MiG-25 and possibly due to initial technical difficulties in keeping the MiG-25 fleet operational. The use of the MiG-25 in the Syrian Civil War marks the starting point since when all the known types of Syrian combat aircraft and ballistic missiles came into use.

With the start of aerial operations by the Syrian Air Force, in August 2012, online publications[42] probably overestimating rebels' claims on the number of destroyed aircraft, assumed that the Syrian Air Force was suffering significant technical difficulties, resulting in less than half of the best SAAF ground attack aircraft such as the Mi-25 Hind-D being serviceable. The publications reported that an increased number of conflict fronts and severe maintenance burdens dramatically worsened the situation, which was reportedly difficult before the war. These problems were thought to account for the use of L-39ZA (attack variant) jets,[43][44] before further escalations. Operational limitations were overcome during 2013 as Syrian pilots and technicians with the assistance of foreign advisers and technicians began to improve their operational skills. In December 2013 Jane's reported that the Syrian Air Force had dramatically improved its operational capabilities during 2013, and was now frequently conducting up to 100 sorties per day with half of these constituting combat sorties.[45]

Insurgents counter the Syrian Air Force with truck mounted, medium and heavy machine guns, anti-aircraft guns, small arms fire and starting in late 2012, MANPADS up to modern Russian and Chinese designs.[46]

As the Syrian Air Force became more involved, the insurgents obtained more anti-aircraft equipment, captured air defense sites and warehouses while receiving shipments of Chinese and Russian material from external sponsors.[47] An improvement in accuracy was achieved and several Syrian Air Force jets and helicopters were shot down from August 2012.[48] Since insurgents besieged many airports, many of the aircraft were shot down taking off or landing. The raiding and shelling of airbases led to aircraft and helicopters being damaged or destroyed on the ground.[49]

In spite of occasional losses the Syrian Air Force remained largely unchallenged, efficient and feared by the rebels until it's collapse.[50] Compared to Western air forces fighting against similarly armed enemies in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, the main disadvantage of the Syrian Air Force was the lack of precision guided weapons which allow the aircraft to stay out of range of small arms fire, AAA and MANPADS, while bombing accurately. The same weakness prevents them from hitting targets of opportunity in the same mission. In 2014, Jane's Defence and Combat Aircraft Monthly report some MiG-29s[51] and possibly some Su-24s capable of launching precision guided munitions.[52]

Syrian pilots spend most of their flying time at low to medium altitude where battlefield threats are more potent. Based on the aircraft type, Syrian pilots use different attack techniques for unguided munitions. L-39s attack in a dive, fast jets usually attacked in a low to medium altitude bombing run at high speed, firing thermal decoy flares against IR homing missiles and zooming after the attack.[53] Later, fast jets added rocket and gun diving attacks.[54][55][56][57] Helicopters were seen flying at unusually high altitudes which minimized their accuracy and increased collateral damage, but reduced losses since they did not have the high speed and acceleration of jet fighters; the altitude putting them out of range of most of the ground threats. Mi-24/25 gunships were observed delivering decoy flares as well.[58]

The Syrian Air Force frequently attacks insurgent forces with helicopter gunships in populated areas with unguided weaponry and the bombings often cause collateral damage to the civilian population and infrastructure.[59][60][61][62][63][64][65] From the end of 2012 until December 2014, Syrian Air Force L-39 were seldom seen, one of the two airbases for L-39 was captured and the other was besieged. In December 2014, videos surfaced showing the aircraft coming back to operational status after a factory overhaul inside Syria.[citation needed]

At the beginning of August 2015, a summary of the recent Syrian Air Force activity reported that during July 2015, the Syrian Air Force performed 6,673 air attacks, the highest number since the beginning of the war. It was reported that between October 2014 and July 2015, at least 26,517 attacks were made.[66] This showed that aircraft losses had been overestimated, while the airframe overhauling and rotation increased the overall combat readiness of the Syrian Air Force since Syria could not count on replacements, apart from some refurbished ex-Iraqi Su-22s, delivered from Iran in the Spring of 2015, which had been flown there during the Gulf War in 1991.[67] In early 2015, it was rumored that Russian pilots were flying operations for the Syrian Air Force.[68]

On 18 June 2017, US military officials confirmed that a U.S. F/A-18E Super Hornet shot down a Syrian Sukhoi Su-22 after the warplane dropped bombs near SDF fighters south of Tabqa.[69] Following the Syrian civil war and the end of Bashar Al-Assad regime, the Israeli Air Force executed several air stikes on Syrian air force bases resulting in a near-total destruction of the Syrian Air Force.[70]

Organization

[edit]
Main article: Squadrons of the Syrian Arab Air Force

As of 2017, the Syrian Arab Air force consisted of following units:[71]

  • 20th Air Division, with 3 fighter-bomber brigades, 3 helicopter brigades, and 1 transport brigade (southern Syria)
  • 22nd Air Division, with 4 fighter-bomber brigades, 1 helicopter brigade, and Air Force College (central and north-western Syria)

These included following units:

  • 17 Interceptor and fighter-bomber squadrons (each with 1-5 operational aircraft)
  • 8 helicopter squadrons (each with 2-8 operational helicopters)
  • 1 VIP transport group
  • 1 training group

Air bases

[edit]
Main article: List of Syrian Air Force bases
Syrian air bases in 2015

Syrian insurgents overran several air bases in north-western, northern and southern Syria, including Marj al-Sultan and Taftanaz Air Base (mid-January 2013),[72][73] Dhab'a Air Base (better known as al-Qussayr, in April 2013), and Kshesh Air Base (October 2013).[74]

Forces of The Islamic State captured Tabqa Air Base on 24 August 2014.[75]

Pre-Syrian civil war aircraft inventory

[edit]

Due to the high security level on everything military related in the Syrian regime, the past of the Syrian Arab Air Force is still largely unknown. This makes it hard to judge what was the real strength of the air force.[76] Additionally, considerable losses to the opposition forces in the country's ongoing civil war are not accounted for here. The following information is compiled from multiple, pre 2012 Syrian civil war sources.

According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies in 2011 the aircraft inventory from Syrian Arab Air Force estimations was:[77][78]

  • 575 Fixed-wing aircraft:
    • Combat/Reconnaissance/OCU aircraft: 461
    • Training aircraft: 76
    • Transport aircraft: 26
  • 191 Rotary-wing aircraft:
    • Attack helicopters: 71
    • Armed transport/utility helicopters: 120

Aircraft

[edit]

Former inventory

[edit]

All aircraft were either captured by rebel forces during their 2024 offensive or destroyed by the Israeli Air Force between the 9th and 10th of December, 2024.

Aircraft Origin Type Variant Previous Inventory Notes
Combat aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union Fighter / Interceptor MF/bis[79] 50[80] 15 were captured by the Syrian opposition forces.[81][82]
MiG-23 Soviet Union Fighter-bomber UB/MF/ML/MLD[83] 87[80] 9 were captured by Syrian opposition forces[84]
MiG-25 Soviet Union Interceptor RB 2[80]
MiG-29 Soviet Union[85]
Russia 		Multirole A/UB/SE/SM/SMT[86] 29[80]
Sukhoi Su-22 Soviet Union Fighter-bomber M3/M4[83] 39[80]
Sukhoi Su-24 Soviet Union Fighter-bomber MK2[87] 18[80]
Reconnaissance
Piper PA-32 United States Surveillance 2[80]
Transport
Antonov An-24 Soviet Union Transport 1[88]
Antonov An-26 Ukraine Transport 6[88]
Ilyushin Il-76 Soviet Union Strategic airlifter M/TD 4[88][89]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-2 Poland Utility 3[80]
Mil Mi-17 Soviet Union Utility Mi-8/17 49[80] 1 was captured by Syrian opposition forces[84]
Mil Mi-14 Soviet Union ASW / SAR Haze-A
Haze-C 		10[80]
Mil Mi-24 Soviet Union Attack Mi-25 27[80]
Kamov Ka-27 Soviet Union ASW / Utility Ka-28 2[80]
Kamov Ka-226 Russia ASW / Utility 2[88]
Aérospatiale Gazelle France Utility / Scout SA342 62[80] 1 was captured by Syrian opposition forces[90]
Trainer aircraft
Aero L-39 Czechoslovakia Jet trainer ZO/ZA[91] 23[80] 25 were captured by Syrian opposition forces[84][82]
MFI-17 Mushshak Pakistan Trainer 6[80]

Armament

[edit]
Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-surface missile
S-5 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
S-8 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
S-24 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
S-25 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
Kh-23 Grom Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92][93]
Kh-25 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
Kh-28 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
Kh-29 Soviet Union Air-to-surface missile [92]
Kh-31 Russia Air-to-surface missile [94]
Kh-58 Russia Air-to-surface missile [92][95]
Kh-59 Russia Air-to-surface missile
Air-launched cruise missile 		[92][95]
Air-to-air missile
K-13 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [96] 5 were captured by Syrian Opposition forces.[97]
R-23 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [98]
R-27 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [99]
R-40 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [92]
R-60 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [100]
R-73 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile [92]
R-77 Russia Air-to-air missile [101]

Retired

[edit]

Previous aircraft operated were the Gloster Meteor, Supermarine Spitfire, de Havilland DH.100 Vampire, Sukhoi Su-7, MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, Ilyushin Il-28, Antonov An-2, Douglas C-47, Junkers Ju 52, T-6 Texan, Fiat G.46, Fiat G.55, Beriev Be-12, Aero L-29 Delfin, Yakovlev Yak-18, Tupolev Tu-143, MBB 223 Flamingo, Mil Mi-1, Mil Mi-6, and Mil Mi-4.[102][103]

Lost during Syrian Civil War

[edit]
See also: List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War

During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, the Syrian Air force suffered numerous losses of fixed, and rotary aircraft in the opening years.[104] However, with Russian and Iranian support, combat readiness of the Syrian Arab Air Force assets has significantly increased during the later years of the conflict.[105]

Commanders

[edit]

The following officers have served as Commanders of the Air Force:

Ranks

[edit]
Main article: Military ranks of Syria

Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Syrian Air Force[119]
فريق
Fariq 		عماد أول‎‎
Eimad 'awal 		عماد
Eimad 		لواء
Alliwa' 		عميد
Amid 		عقيد
Aqid 		مقدم
Muqaddam 		رائد
Ra'id 		نقيب
Naqib 		ملازم أول
Mulazim awwal 		ملازم
Mulazim

Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Syrian Air Force[119]
 No insignia
مساعد أول
Musaeid 'awal 		مساعد ثاني
Musaeid thani 		مساعد
Musaeid 		رقيب أول
Raqib 'awal 		رقيب ثاني
Raqib thani 		رقيب
Raqib 		عريف
Earif 		جندي أول
Jundiun‎‎ 'awal 		جندي
Jundiun‎‎

Markings

[edit]

The roundel used by the Syrian Arab Air Force has the same generic design as that used by the Egyptian Air Force. It consists of three concentric circles, with a red outer part, white middle and black inner part. The unique part of the Syrian roundel is the presence of two green stars in the white circle, which is reflective of the two stars on the national flag. The fin flash is also an image of the flag.

  • (1948–1958)
    (1948–1958)
  • (1958–1961)
    (1958–1961)
  • (1961–1963)
    (1961–1963)
  • (1963–1972)
    (1963–1972)
  • (1972–1980)
    (1972–1980)
  • (1980–2024)
    (1980–2024)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Reorganised in 1971

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Syria: A Country Study. Federal Research Division.

  1. ^ The Military Balance 2021 page 366
  2. ^ "World Air Forces 2024". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Senior state positions". Middle East Monitor. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ Savić, Dragan; Ciglić, Boris (2002). Croatian Aces of World War 2. London, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-84176-435-1.
  5. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2009). Arab MiGs, Volume 1. Harpia Publishing. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-0-9825539-2-3.
  6. ^ a b Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  7. ^ Hartoch, Noam (July 2015). A history of the Syrian Air Force 1947-1967 (PhD thesis). King's College London. S2CID 211516103.
  8. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2009). Arab MiGs, Volume 1. Harpia Publishing. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-9825539-2-3.
  9. ^ Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom; Ali Gabr, Gabr (2017). Wings over Sinai. Helion & Co. pp. 27, 60–62. ISBN 978-1-911096-61-0.
  10. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  11. ^ a b Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. pp. 139–142. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  12. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  13. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2012). Arab MiGs, Volume 3. Harpia Publishing. pp. 173–193. ISBN 978-0-9825539-9-2.
  14. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2014). Arab MiGs, Volume 5. Harpia Publishing. pp. 55–80. ISBN 978-0-9854554-4-6.
  15. ^ "Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine". ou.edu.
  16. ^ Konzelmann, Gerhard (2010). Damaskus. Ullstein Sachbuch. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-3-548-35588-7.
  17. ^ Krauthammer, Charles (4 August 2006). "Israel's Lost Moment". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  18. ^ Schif, Ze'ev & Ya'ari, Ehud Israel's Lebanon War London Counterpoint 1986 pp160-1 ISBN 0-04-327091-3
  19. ^ "Russia defends arms sales to Syria". UPI. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  20. ^ Russland verkauft Syrien 36 Militärflugzeuge Archived 6 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Tages Anzeiger.
  21. ^ "Russia Prods Syria's President Assad With Message of Growing Impatience". The New York Times. 9 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  22. ^ Syria: new Yak-130 trainer aircraft to arrive from Russia this year. World Aeronautical Press Agency (5 May 2014).
  23. ^ Report: Russia to send first batch of Yak-130 jets to Syria Archived 5 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Al Arabiya English (5 May 2014). Retrieved on 2018-06-30.
  24. ^ "Russia Blocks MiG-31 Deal With Syria". Middle East Newsline. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  25. ^ "Israeli army begins plan to destroy Syrian Navy after near destruction of Syrian Air Force: Amal Shehadeh". LBCIV7. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  26. ^ "Why is Israel bombing Syrian airbases?". Sky News. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  27. ^ Drummond, Michael (10 December 2024). "Why is Israel bombing Syrian airbases?". Sky News.
  28. ^ a b "Death from the Skies Deliberate and Indiscriminate Air Strikes on Civilians" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  29. ^ "First video of a Syrian helicopter gunship attacking rebels near Azaz, northwest of Aleppo". The Aviationist. 22 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Syrian air war escalates: the Mil Mi-24 Hind gunship makes its debut against rebel forces". The Aviationist. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  31. ^ "New videos show Syrian gunship helicopters dropping bombs on Homs and Damascus". The Aviationist. 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  32. ^ "Syria's deadly barrel bombs". Smh.com.au. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  33. ^ "Syrian Arab Air Force trainer jets turned into attack planes to strike rebel positions". The Aviationist. 30 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  34. ^ "Which fighter jets did the Syrian government use to bomb its largest city, Aleppo? — Air Cache". Air.blastmagazine.com. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  35. ^ Babak Dehghanpisheh (29 July 2013). "Syrian aircraft bomb Aleppo as rebels fight for city". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  36. ^ "Assad deploys Syrian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 Fencer attack planes to hit rebels hard". The Aviationist. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  37. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Schmitt, Eric (12 December 2012). "Assad Fires Scuds at Rebels, U.S. Says, Escalating War in Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  38. ^ "The Aviationist » Syrian Mig-29 Fulcrum jets appear in the skies over Damascus during ground attack missions". The Aviationist. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  39. ^ "Syria Civil War- Fierce Clearly Visible Low Flight MIG 29 Airstrike on Syrian Rebels". YouTube. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  40. ^ "لحظة إطلاق طائرة الميغ صاروخا باتجاه المصور - YouTube". YouTube. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  41. ^ "Turkish F-16 jets scramble to intercept 2 Syrian Su-24s". Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  42. ^ "Attrition: The Destruction of the Syrian Air Force". Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  43. ^ Chivers, C.J. (2 August 2012). "Syrian Leader's Weapons Under Strain". New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  44. ^ "Syrian government using L-39 trainer jets to attack rebels – Air Cache". Air.blastmagazine.com. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  45. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  46. ^ "Syrian rebels down aircraft". News24. 2 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  47. ^ "Sudan becomes the newest player in Syria's protracted conflict: NYT - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  48. ^ Kaphle, Anup (13 August 2012). "Syrian fighter jet crashes; rebels claim they shot it down - WorldViews". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  49. ^ Tom A. Peter (26 November 2012). "Syrian rebels struggle to keep regime Air Force on the ground (+video)". Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  50. ^ Martin Chulov in Aleppo (4 February 2013). "Syrian rebel raids expose secrets of once-feared military | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  51. ^ "Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying". Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  52. ^ Cooper, Tom (October 2014). "A NEW AIR WAR OVER SYRIA". Combat Aircraft Magazine (10/2014). Ian Allan Publishing.
  53. ^ "Video of Su-22 releasing flares during attack shows Syrian pilots are becoming concerned of surface to air missiles". The Aviationist. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  54. ^ "\\خطير\\جبل الزاوية: لحظة انقضاض الطائرة الحربية \الرويحة\ - YouTube". YouTube. 1 February 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  55. ^ "Syria - Su-22 rocket attack from low altitude - amazing". YouTube. 11 May 2013. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  56. ^ "The Aviationist » Syrian Air Force Su-22 leaking fuel after being hit by rebel fire". The Aviationist. 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  57. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  58. ^ "Video shows Syrian Mil Mi-25 gunship releasing flares. A sign that rebels got their hands on MANPADS?". The Aviationist. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  59. ^ Bloomfield, Adrian; Willis, Amy (12 July 2012). "Syria: helicopter gunships fire on villagers in fresh massacre". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  60. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  61. ^ Linux Beach (30 June 2012). "BREAKING: Syrian Air Force attacks Douma, 10m from Damascus, thousands flee". Daily Kos. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  62. ^ "Syrian forces push into Douma, residents flee". Trust.org. Reuters. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013.
  63. ^ "Syria\ Shelling Douma by Al-Assad Military Planes". YouTube. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  64. ^ "Syrian regime attacks hospital". CNN. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  65. ^ "Syrian warplanes hammer rebel border town". Al Jazeera. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  66. ^ "Highest number of Syria air strikes recorded in July". Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  67. ^ "The Iraq-Iran-Syria Su-22 Fitter connection". Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  68. ^ "Assad on the back foot". The Economist. 4 April 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015. A well-connected man in Damascus says many are flown by Russians, whose government backs Mr Assad
  69. ^ "NRT English". Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  70. ^ "Israeli army begins plan to destroy Syrian Navy after near destruction of Syrian Air Force: Amal Shehadeh". LBCIV7. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  71. ^ Cooper, Tom (February 2017). "Syria: Air Power in Decline". Combat Aircraft Magazine (2/2017). Key Publishing.
  72. ^ "Rebels 'take control of key north Syria airbase'". BBC. 11 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  73. ^ Anne Barnard (11 January 2013). "Syrian Rebels Say They Seized Helicopter Base in the North". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  74. ^ Cooper, Tom (2015). Syrian Conflagration. Helion & Co. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-1-910294-10-9.
  75. ^ "BBC News - Syria conflict: Islamic State seizes Tabqa airbase". BBC News. 24 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  76. ^ "Syrian Air Force - Al Quwwat al-Jawwiya al Arabiya as-Souriya". Scramble, Dutch Aviation Society. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  77. ^ "THE ARAB ISRAELI MILITARY BALANCE" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. 29 June 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  78. ^ "INSTABILITY IN SYRIA: Assessing the Risks of Military Intervention" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. 13 December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  79. ^ "Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hoyle, Craig (2024). World Air Forces 2025 (Report). FlightGlobal. p. 30. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
  81. ^ "Syrian rebels captured seven MiG-21 aircraft from the Assad regime at Hama Airbase".
  82. ^ a b "Rebels captured a total of 8 MiG-21s and one L-39 at the Hama Air Base".
  83. ^ a b Stijn Mitzer, Joost Oliemans (15 January 2015). "The Syrian Arab Air Force - Beware of its Wings". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  84. ^ a b c "-FAKE NEWS- List of military equipment seized by Syrian rebels from Assad regime".
  85. ^ JOSEPH TREVITHICK (14 May 2020). "We've Got A Close Up Look At Syria's MiG-29s And It Isn't Pretty". The Warzone. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  86. ^ "Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  87. ^ Cooper, Tom (24 September 2016). "Syria's Su-24 Bombers Have Become Its Most Proficient Hospital-Destroyers". Medium. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  88. ^ a b c d The military balance. 2023. James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. London. 2023. ISBN 978-1-003-40022-6. OCLC 1372013483.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  89. ^ "World Air Forces 2023". Flight Global. Flightglobal Insight. 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  90. ^ "Syrian rebels captured an Aérospatiale Gazelle helicopter from the Assad regime at Hama Airbase".
  91. ^ "Syrian government using L-39 trainer jets to attack rebels — Air Cache". Air.blastmagazine.com. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (15 January 2015). "The Syrian Arab Air Force - Beware of its Wings". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  93. ^ Cooper 2018a, p. 64
  94. ^ annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2009, pp. 77, 92
  95. ^ a b "Fortress T4: An Airbase at War". 29 June 2015.
  96. ^ Cooper 2018a, p. I
  97. ^ "Syrian rebels captured five R-13 air-to-air missiles from the Assad regime at Hama Airbase".
  98. ^ "Drones Are Dropping Like Flies From the Sky Over Syria". 22 June 2017.
  99. ^ Trade Registers. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2015
  100. ^ Cooper 2018a, p. 66
  101. ^ "Russia helps keep Syria's MiG-29s flying". Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  102. ^ "WAF 1987 pg. 91". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  103. ^ "THE WORLD'S AIR FORCES 1955 pg. 658". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  104. ^ "Attrition: The Destruction Of The Syrian Air Force". www.strategypage.com.
  105. ^ "Highest number of Syria air strikes recorded in July". www.aljazeera.com.
  106. ^ a b c Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2009). Arab MiGs, Volume 1. Harpia Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-9825539-2-3.
  107. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2009). Arab MiGs, Volume 1. Harpia Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9825539-2-3.
  108. ^ a b Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  109. ^ a b c Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  110. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2010). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  111. ^ "Al Moqatel - الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية". Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  112. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2014). Arab MiGs, Volume 5. Harpia Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-9854554-4-6.
  113. ^ a b Batatu, 1999, p. 226.
  114. ^ Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2015). Arab MiGs, Volume 6. Harpia Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-9854554-6-0.
  115. ^ "Syrian Armed Forces" (PDF). www.inss.org.il. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011.
  116. ^ "Council Implementing Decision 2012/424/CFSP of 23 July 2012 implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria". Official Journal of the European Union. 24 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  117. ^ "The Syrian Phoenix is Arising". 14 September 2018.
  118. ^ MG Hasan Wadih was appointed as the Commander of Air Force and Air Defense
  119. ^ a b "شعار الرأس" [Main logo]. mod.gov.sy (in Arabic). Ministry of Defence (Syria). Retrieved 12 October 2021.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Cooper, Tom (July–August 2002). "'Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service". Air Enthusiast. No. 100. pp. 56–67. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Cooper, Tom (2018a). MiG-23 Flogger in the Middle East: Mikoyan i Gurevich MiG-23 in Service in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya and Syria, 1973-2008. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-912390-32-8.
  • Cooper, Tom (2018b). Moscow's Game of Poker: Russian Military Intervention in Syria, 2015-2017. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-912390-37-3.
  • Cooper, Tom (October 2014). "A NEW AIR WAR OVER SYRIA". Combat Aircraft Magazine (10). Ian Allan Publishing.
  • Cooper, Tom (2015). Syrian Conflagration: the Civil War, 2011-2013. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-910294-10-9.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2009). Arab MiGs, Volume 1. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-2-3.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2011). Arab MiGs, Volume 2. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-6-1.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2012). Arab MiGs, Volume 3. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9825539-9-2.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2013). Arab MiGs, Volume 4. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9854554-1-5.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2014). Arab MiGs, Volume 5. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9854554-4-6.
  • Cooper, Tom; Nicolle, David (2015). Arab MiGs, Volume 6. Harpia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9854554-6-0.
  • Dijkshoorn, Marco (September 2010). "Syria's Secret Air Arm". Combat Aircraft Magazine. 11 (9). Ian Allan Publishing.
  • Nicolle, David. "Arab-Italian Fighters: Fiats and Macchis in Egyptian and Syrian Service 1948-1956". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 32–36. ISSN 0143-5450
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Air_Force&oldid=1262990290"