Gunnerales
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| Gunnerales | |
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| Gunnera | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Core eudicots |
| Order: | Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal[2] |
| Families | |
The Gunnerales are an order of flowering plants. In the APG III (2009) and APG IV systems (2016), the order contains two genera: Gunnera (family Gunneraceae) and Myrothamnus (Myrothamnaceae). In the Cronquist system (1981), the Gunneraceae were in the Haloragales and Myrothamnaceae in the Hamamelidales.[2] DNA analysis proved definitive, but the grouping of the two families was a surprise, given their very dissimilar morphologies. In the older systems of Cronquist (1981, 1988) and Takhtajan (1997), the Gunneraceae were in the Rosidae, and the Myrothamnaceae were in the Hamamelids. In modern classification systems, such as APG III and APG IV, this order was the first to diverge from the core eudicots.[2][3] Some of the oldest fossils come from fossils dating the Aptain stage in places like Antarctica,[4] Egypt and Argentina with these early pollen samples being known as Tricolpites.[5][6] At that time those landmasses were part of the continent known as Gondwana.
Description
[edit]Both families contain ellagic acid. Phloem cells contain a large number of plastids and the leaves have dented borders.
The plants are dioecious and possess small flowers without perianth, and the stigma is, at least weakly, secretory. Gunnerale characters shared with the core of the eudicots are cyanogenesis via phenylalanine, metabolic pathways of isoleucine or valine, presence of the DNA sequence of PI-dB motif, 9 and is common to suffer a small deletion in the sequence of 18S ribosomal DNA. The characters which it shares with the core of eudicotyledons, and also with Buxales and Trochodendrales, are an absence of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, euAP3 + TM6 genes (gene duplication paleoAP3: Class B), and a loss of the mitochondrial gene rps2.
Ecology
[edit]Despite being related, the Myrothamnaceae and the Gunneraceae look very different:
- The Gunneraceae are a mesophilic herb (often oversized), and the hydathodes are well developed and secrete mucilage or perhaps a resinous coating.
- The Myrothamnaceae are a reviviscent shrub of arid habitats, and the hydathodes are poorly developed and secrete plant resin.
Both have flowers without perianth, but the details of pollen (e.g. Zavada and Dilcher see 1986 10, Wanntorp et al. 2004th 2004b 11 and 12) differ. In Wilkinson 2000 13 is a table of differences.
References
[edit]- ^ Ibrahim, I.A Mohamed (1996). "Aptian-Turonian palynology of the Ghazalat-1 Well (GTX-1), Qattara Depression, Egypt". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 94 (1–2). doi:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00135-2.
- ^ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ^ Leppe, Marcelo; Mihoc, Maritza; Varela, Natalia; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Mansilla, HéCtor; Bierma, Hessel; Cisterna, Katherine; Frey, Eberhard; Jujihara, Toshiro (December 2012). "Evolution of the Austral-Antarctic flora during the Cretaceous: New insights from a paleobiogeographic perspective". Revista chilena de historia natural. 85 (4): 369–392. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2012000400002. ISSN 0716-078X.
- ^ Perez Loinaze, Valeria S.; Archangelsky, Sergio; Cladera, Gerardo (April 2012). "Palynostratigraphic study of the Early Cretaceous Río Mayer and Kachaike formations at the Quebrada El Moro Section, Austral Basin, southwestern Argentina". Cretaceous Research. 34: 161–171. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.10.015. hdl:11336/98083.
- ^ Perez Loinaze, Valeria S.; Vera, Ezequiel I.; Moyano-Paz, Damian; Coronel, Marina D.; Manabe, Makoto; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Novas, Fernando E. (2023-07-01). "Maastrichtian palynological assemblages from the Chorrillo Formation, Patagonia, Argentina". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 314: 104893. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.104893. ISSN 0034-6667.
External links
[edit]- Gunnerales in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.
